Nevertheless, their genius, determination, and courage paved the way for their successors in the twentieth century. For centuries, women mathematicians faced incredible oppression. In nineteenth-century England, Mary Somerville (1780-1872) needed her husband's approval just to write a book about mathematics her outstanding research about violet light magnetizing a steel needle had to be presented to the Royal Society by her husband because women were not accepted as members. Sonya Kovalevskaya (1850-1891) also has a theorem named after her, but as a woman she could neither enroll in classes in Berlin nor later obtain a university position in Germany or her native Russia. French mathematician Emilie de Breteuil (1706-1749) received her excellent education only because her family thought her too tall and ugly to get married. Sophie Germain (1776-1831) has a theorem named after her, but was barred from classes at the Paris Polytechnique in eighteenth-century France because she was a woman. 370-415), the first mathematician to formulate the idea of conic sections, was brutally killed in 415 A.D. Despite their accomplishments, however, women mathematicians have faced almost insurmountable odds some were persecuted, and one was even martyred. Ada Byron Lovelace (1815-1852) wrote the first computer program in 1844, and Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) invented the pie chart. Throughout history women have made important contributions to the field of mathematics. Emergence of Women at the Highest Levels of Mathematics Overview
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